Input Data
Enter positive numeric data (one value per line or comma-separated)
Transformation Statistics
Help
How to Use
- Enter positive numeric data (Box-Cox requires positive values)
- Or generate sample skewed data for demonstration
- Click "Find Optimal Lambda" to calculate the best transformation
- Use the slider to manually explore different lambda values
- Compare before/after distributions and Q-Q plots
- Use common lambda buttons for standard transformations
Understanding Lambda (λ)
- λ = 2: Square transformation (y²)
- λ = 1: No transformation (y)
- λ = 0.5: Square root transformation (√y)
- λ = 0: Natural log transformation (ln(y))
- λ = -1: Inverse transformation (1/y)
- Other values: Power transformations (y^λ)
Box-Cox Formula
The Box-Cox transformation is defined as:
- If λ ≠ 0: y(λ) = (y^λ - 1) / λ
- If λ = 0: y(λ) = ln(y)
The optimal λ is found by maximizing the log-likelihood function.
When to Use Box-Cox
- Data is positively skewed (long right tail)
- Need to meet normality assumptions for statistical tests
- Want to stabilize variance across groups
- Preparing data for linear regression
- All values must be positive (add constant if needed)